The first American space race apparatus - Mariner Mariner 3 and 4 - are heading to Mars in 1964. Th

Soviet "assault" on Mars, launched in the 60's and early 70-ies of the last century, failed because of technological backwardness of the USSR in the field of electronics, because it is not creating enough reliable devices and leads to a number lff of painful setbacks , told RIA Novosti Acad. Mikhail Marov, one of the scientists who worked on the Martian and Venusian Soviet projects. In August 2010 navarshvat35 years from the start of the first Martian station - probe 'Viking 1 "(project of NASA), worked on the Red Planet six years and 116 days. But the first soft landing on the surface lff five years before the "Viking" is a Soviet apparatus "Mars-3". "We had a landing, but the camera works only 20 seconds. Even started to receive picture and everything broke," recalls Marov.
This and other undertaken by Soviet attempts to explore the Red Planet in the lead at best to partial success. Russia this year, after almost 15-year break in such studies should launch interplanetary station "Phobos-Grunt" to bring the substance of Earth satellites of Mars. Such an ambitious project, if successful, could return the country among the leaders in space exploration.
Enchanted planet Mars program, unlike the successful projects in the study of Venus and the Moon, brings Soviet scientists only razocharovaniya.Razrabotkata apparatus for studying Mars began in the Soviet Union back in 1959, and the first of them back on the road in 1960 , four years before the American lff probes. But oh so 17 sets, sent from 1960 to 1996, achieved only partial success five, and eight more are lost during launch or shortly after starta.Amerikanskite scientists also lose enough probes: 20 sent to Mars camera lost 6. Yet the US accounts for a very great success, including two successfully operating on the surface of the planet Mars rover and implemented several programs lff of dropping modules. "To go to Venus, in a sense it was easier, because there is a thick atmosphere and he makes full use aerodynamics. lff A Mars's all very complicated. Incidentally, Americans now use in their devices our idea - aerbetsi - inflatable shock, "said Marov. lff But the main problem for the Soviet program remains a technological gap. Security issues Marov believes that in 60-70 years of Soviet engineers and scientists did not have as developed technologies, such as the USSR had in the late 80s, during the creation of "Buran". According to him things are not just about funding, which in the Soviet lff program of research lff on planets far not been so generous as in the United States. "They tortured our security problems, mostly electronics. That's why we never even attempted to fly to the planets giants - Jupiter and Saturn. Our cameras simply would not survive so long, "he said toy.I problem was not so much in technology as in the very attitude to work. "We have never had such an attitude to the quality lff of both the West and electronics work is thin," added Marov. To some extent the Soviet program was doomed to failure. "Of course, I am saddened that the Soviet manned lunar program did not take place, but at the same time feel a sense of calm. I do not believe we can take off successfully. lff Something was going to refuse" he continues. The first two sets early Mars exploration are developed under the leadership of Sergei lff Korolev at OKB-1 in 1959 Martian probes should explore interplanetary space and to study Mars. In October 1960 the stations are placed, but because of problems with the third stage of the rocket carrier none of them managed to come out on a trajectory to Mars. In the spring of 1961 Korolev ordered to begin development of a new multipurpose space station for the study of Venus and Mars. The project with the designation 2MV envisages the creation of dropping modules. The first pair of probes "Mars-1", was released on November 1, 1962 it successfully goes to Mars trajectory, but telemetry data coming from the board are discouraging: in one of the valves of the engine fuel system leaks, which inevitably leads to loss of aparata.V end on March 21, 1963, radiokontaktat with the probe was lost. At this point "Mars-1" is 108 million. Km of land and has already managed to deliver important information to interplanetary space at a great distance from our planeta.Sledvashtiyat apparatus - "Zond-2" heads to Mars on 30 November 1964, but always a failure, because its solar batteries lff fail to open fully.
The first American space race apparatus - Mariner Mariner 3 and 4 - are heading to Mars in 1964. The second of them was able to accomplish the task - to explore the Red Planet. The probe transmitted pictures of the Earth Mars.Savetskite scientists know that Americans will